Shock Culture Shock Essay - 5954 Words

The Comparison of Culture Shock and Reverse Culture Shock Name: Cai Miaosen Instructor: Li Binbin 1. Introduction In recent years, the people who pursue their overseas studying have doubled in number. The overseas returnees also increase at a fast rate. Many people who have already got the foreign passport or the right of residence of other country gradually return to motherland to work and settle down. But unfortunately many of these people are suffering the varying degrees of culture shock or reverse culture shock. They are playing an indispensable role to China’s social and economic development. Therefore, the research of culture shock and reverse culture shock are of great necessity and realistic significance. Many foreign†¦show more content†¦The reverse culture shock the phenomenon when people returning to their home culture after they are accustomed to a new one can produce the same effects as described above. This results from the psychosomatic and psychological consequences of the readjustment process to the primary culture. The affected person often finds this more surprising and difficult to deal with than the original culture shock. In recent years, with the rapid development of China’s economy and the high pace of globalization, more and more Chinese want to pursue their overseas study. Some of Chinese and overseas Chinese who have already got the passport or green card of foreign countries or the right of residence in the foreign countries return to China working or settling. The number of returnee is increasing with the development of China’s economy and they are playing an important role in the development of social economy. 3. The manifestation of culture shock and reverse culture shock The manifestation of culture shock includes light levels of mild discomfort to deep psychological panic and psychological crisis. The manifestation of reverse culture shock is more complicated than the manifestation of culture shock. 3.1 The manifestation of culture shock According to Oberg, culture shock mainly includes the following manifestations.Show MoreRelatedEssay on Culture Shock1163 Words   |  5 Pagesanswered with a smile â€Å"the heat is running aunty† whatever she meant I did not understand, although she spoke in English she had an American accent which took me long to adapt and decipher. My brother knowing that I will definitely experience culture shock, started giving me tidbits of what I would expect. I remember him saying â€Å"This is America my sister, they speak different here, many things have different names from home†. He then told me â€Å"open the trunk and offload your luggage â€Å"I responded â€Å"whereRead MoreThe Unknown : Culture Shock2100 Words   |  9 PagesThe Unknown†¦. Culture Shock Moving from a place that we are so familiar with into the unknown is a terrifying feeling we could experience. It is a terrifying feeling because we get attached to the place that we come to know and love. We are familiar with the streets that we drive on, and the houses around the neighborhood. We are familiar with the people around our surroundings. We know how to get from one place to another. It is a daily routine that we come are comfortable with however, we shouldRead MoreA True Culture Shock Essays867 Words   |  4 Pagesof different cultures, each one unique in its own respect. Culture; differentiate one societal group from another by identification beliefs, behaviors, language, traditions, Art, fashion styles, food, religion, politics, and economic systems. Through lifelong and ever changing processes of learning, creativity, and sharing, culture shapes our patterns of behavior and thinking. A culture’s significance is so profound that it touches almost every aspect of who and what we are. Culture becomes the telescopeRead MoreCulture Shock By Peter L. Berger990 Words   |  4 PagesPeter L. Berger once said, â€Å"The sociologist routinely experiences culture shock in his own home.† The definition of cultural shock is when someone finds himself or herself in an environment that’s unfamiliar and someone doesn’t really know how to act or do. It is out of the person’s comfort zone and to try to fit and feel included in society, once must first face the uncertainty of how the unknown culture acts like. When the sociologist looks closely at these things, he finds unexpected motives,Read MoreCulture Shock754 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is Culture Shock? I would best describe Culture Shock as a roller coaster ride- fun and exciting, yet a little scary and daunting. It happens from Country to Country, from state to state, city to city and within neighborhoods. Not everybody experiences it in the exact same way. Culture Shock occurs when one enters an unfamiliar place where cultural traits, social norms, beliefs and customs may not be in line with what they are familiar with. Wikipedia best describes Culture Shock in fourRead MoreCulture Shock1188 Words   |  5 PagesCulture Shock Essay The United States of America is a country in which many people from all over the world come to live together. Unlike Canada, which is a multicultural country, it is a melting pot since each person brings his/her own peculiarity to enrich the culture of this country. But this melting pot process is not always without problems. When people from other countries come to America, they may experience some form of culture shock. CultureRead MoreCulture Shock1485 Words   |  6 PagesDescriptive Essay Culture Shock: An Integration in a New Country LIBS - 7001 February 21, 2011 The word ‘CULTURE’ has been derived from the Latin word ‘CULTURA’ which means to cultivate, to grow (Harper 2010). Anthropologist Edward B. Taylor, defines culture as â€Å"That complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits.† (O’Neil 2006). This is the basic premise that beliefs, morals, and customs are all based on one’s culture. In the essayRead MoreCulture Shock Essay1136 Words   |  5 PagesCulture is defined by Stephen Bochner (2003) as different beliefs and values. From the beginning of the chapter, it is made clear that although there are many different definitions this is the most explicit. While focus is maintained on sojourners and tourists, the main idea is that changing cultures can have a major impact on the way people function. Boncher tends to stick to the idea that stress and anxiety can be heavily induced not only by encountering a different culture than an individualsRead MoreCulture Shock in Japan.1450 Words   |  6 PagesCulture paper: Japan. Culture is a condition of confusion and anxiety affecting a person suddenly exposed to an alien culture or milieu. There are many different ways to experience culture shock. It can be experienced across the world or as near as ones backyard. Many Americans would venture that they consider themselves very culturally accepting. Often, when these same Americans travel abroad, they experience culture shock. It is not always a negative thing. Often to some American coming to JapanRead MoreCulture Shock Essay977 Words   |  4 Pagesexperiences fall can be described as culture shock. Culture Shock can be anything from things like being in a new person’s house to trying a new food. An experience where I personally went through culture shock was when I got my dog Peanut. Coming from a family unit with just me and my grandparents even a small dog was a huge change for me. There were I remember some ups and the downs that came with having a new pet. Generally there are four stages of c ulture shock That I and most will encounter which

Architecture under Emperor Augustus and Nero - 2109 Words

Architecture under Emperor Augustus and Nero The Roman architect, Vitruvius once said, â€Å" Architecture depends on Order, Arrangement, Eurhythmy, Symmetry, Propriety, and Economy† (â€Å"Virtuvius†). Vitruvius epitomizes the characteristics of Roman architecture that was not only meant to be aesthetically pleasing, but serve a social and ideological function. The Romans were masters of utilizing architectural structures to define their own history, rule and power. Rome is called the â€Å"Eternal City† and Ancient Romans are remembered not only for the political achievements, but their monumentality of buildings such as the Pantheon and Coliseum. Roman architecture focuses on proportionality, but as a whole achieves spatial unity and are independent from natural surroundings and other solid entities. The structures are reflective of Roman ideology, inspired by Greek ideals, but independent and organized on the principles of order and clarity. Roman build ings prove to be a gateway into the disposition of the emperor at the time. Throughout Roman history, Senators were often called â€Å"the fathers of the Roman people† and the father or pater was in charge of the household and society as a whole. As Augustus was called pater patriae he used the city as his household, and blurred the line between civic and domestic space. He integrated himself into the city itself and literally built his family and himself into the city’s landscape. In his Res Gestae he refers to himself as theShow MoreRelatedA Look At Roman Imperial Portraiture1572 Words   |  7 Pagesof art, particularly architecture and sculpture is rooted in adopting styles of the past to convey a particular message. The combination of Greek and Etruscan styles, such as in the Temple of Portunus in Rome, ultimately culminate to reference a new meaning and style that is independently roman. Similarly to architecture, the first Roman Emperor, Augustus, chose to liken both is architecture, by using stone and the orders, and his portraiture back to the Greeks. Romans emperors ultimately tend to useRead MoreTemple Of The Olympian Zeus And Flavian Amphitheater932 Words   |  4 Pagesof the Olympian Zeus and Flavian Amphitheater Architecture is the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and physical structures. Architectural work is often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Ancient Greek architecture is distinguished by its highly formalized characteristics, both of structure and decoration. Ancient Roman architecture adopted the external language of classical Greek architecture for the purposes of the ancient Romans, but differedRead MoreFascinating Rulers Of The Roman Empire And Early Middle Ages2608 Words   |  11 Pageshistorians are Augustus, Nero, and Justinian. During each of their reigns, these rulers inspired new law codes, economic reforms, artistic innovations, and religious reform. While each ruler possessed unique skills and beliefs, each emperor had similarities in how they came to power. Art flourished and building forms renovated the various cities in The Roman Empire and Early Middle East under the reign of Augustus, Nero, and Justinian . The first emperor of Rome was Augustus. Augustus came to powerRead MoreRoman Empire1506 Words   |  7 Pages  The Roman Empire was the post-Republican period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors, and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa, and Asia. The 500 year old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict, during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC. Civil wars and executions continued, culminating in the victoryRead MorePolitical and Cultural Significance of the Flavian Amphitheatre1748 Words   |  7 Pagespolitical tool, to manipulate the views of the people and to demonstrate the power of the State. The very first emperor of Rome, Augustus, initiated social reform through the construction of buildings from 27 BC onwards. Emperor Vespasian in 69 AD used a similar initiative, and through out Rome’s history it can be seen that times of civil unrest are often followed by a flourish in architecture and the arts. An example of this can be seen in one of Vespasian’s major building projects, the Colosseum, officiallyRead MoreThe Arch of Titus: The Triumph of the Emperor Essay1342 Words   |  6 Pagesuses of architecture for glorification of a Roman emperor is the Arch of Titus. Built specifically upon the highest point of the Via Sacra, or Sacred Road, this arch is a lasting monument to the glorification of Titus. The Arch of Titus was built by Emperor Domitian to honor the capture and siege of Jerusalem by Titus and his apotheosis, or deification. This arch is an outstanding example of one of the most celebrated ways used by the Romans to express the honor and glory of their emperors. The ArchRead MoreHumanities in Ancient Rome2129 Words   |  9 Pagescenturies of Rome’s existence, it produced hundreds upon thousands of architects, musicians, playwrights, actors, sculptures and many other artists of all kinds. Arguably though, Rome is most known for its stunning architecture, classic sculptures and beautiful paintings. The architecture of ancient Rome was born out of necessity rather than for beauty. Rome was the most populated city of its time and was more populated than any city ever up until that point. At its height, it was the home to approximatelyRead MoreThe Legacy of Rome Essay998 Words   |  4 Pageshand, literally. The emperor would signal a thumbs down if the soldier deserved to live, and gave a thumbs up if he felt the soldier should die. Men dressed as Roman gods would kill the condemned soldiers to add some sensationalism to the already sensational event. The gladiators fought in huge coliseums or amphitheaters. The largest was The Colosseum in Rome. It sat 45,000 people and was where the emperor would host his personal games which, if you lived in the time of Nero, he usually won. TheRead MoreAugustan Art and Propaganda Essay1964 Words   |  8 Pagesand chaotic period for Rome, and after his death, a large portion of the empire was handed down to his adopted son, Gaius Octavian. From the ashes of his father, Octavian was able to build an Empire unparalleled. Later, the name Augustus was given to him by Senate. Augustus ostensibly maintained the form of the Roman Republic while in actuality creating the Roman Empire. He introduced the administrative reforms that led to the Pax Romana with its flourishing of trade and the arts. Although AugustussRead MoreThe Effect of Emperors on Religion2087 Words   |  8 Pagesadherents and for the others. Historically, it is commonly known that Christianity started with Jesus in the ancient Roman world, it is commonly known that he was eventually executed and that, after his death, Christians were persecuted under several Roman emperors reigns, and it is commonly known that during one specific reign the Romans started to shift their attitude towards Christians and Christianity became the main religion of Rome and of all its provinces that adopted Romes culture, traditions

immigration debate - 920 Words

I. Intro: The Democratic Party has fiercely advocated for the enactment of the DREAM Act. Republicans however have strongly opposed it and have left little hope for any reform for illegal immigrants. However not passing the DREAM Act and stalling on reform for illegal immigrants is doing an injustice to these immigrants and most importantly to American citizens. Today many US citizens suffer from a depleting economy and anything that can help revive it should and must be done. I see the DREAM Act as a great opportunity to aid and provide relief to the economy. II. The DREAM Act: The Development, Relief and Education for Alien Minors Act (DREAM Act), is a proposed bipartisan legislation that is meant to provide amnesty and relief†¦show more content†¦Those eligible for the DREAM Act can provide so much to the economy if they were granted the opportunity to do so. It isn’t like they are going anywhere and, they have adopted so many American values into their lives. By giving them the amnesty they need and arguable deserve, our economy can only benefit. The government can generate more tax revenue from them, thus ending the outcry that they don’t pay tax. Also by giving them the same rights as citizens in the job market, they will be paid what they deserve thus possibly stimulating consumer spending by them. IV. Conclusion: Democrats seem to be the party that is trying to solve the immigration issue here in the US. They have advocated hard for the passing of the DREAM Act, a legislation that I believe needs to and must be passed. I advocate it on the basis that the US economy really needs this; the potential the DREAM Act has in not just alleviating the immigration problem but also in helping revive an ailing economy. We need to finally reap the economic benefits of these undocumented immigrants that are in this country and likely here to stay. It is until I realized what the DREAM Act can do to the economy, is when I really began to see it as something that must happen fast. Works Cited Debate: DREAM Act Background and Context. - Debatepedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Nov. 2012. . The DREAM Act. Welcome to the DREAM Act Portal. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Nov. 2012. . EDITORIAL; A Dream Act Without the Dream.Show MoreRelatedImmigration And The Debate On Immigration Essay1448 Words   |  6 Pagesin the debate was about immigration. Every year, thousands of immigrants come to the United States, some document and some undocumented. They have different reasons for wanting to come to America, whether it is for jobs, the policies and laws of the United States, the economy, or even refugees from countries which are going through a civil war. There are many different opinions on immigration and what to do with illegal immigrants. Many citizens believe that taxes increase due to illegal immigrantsRead MoreThe Debate On Immigration Reform958 Words   |  4 PagesAbstract: Until the bill passed, much of the debate surrounding the Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors, or DREAM Act, brought about legal, ethical, and logistical concerns. Illegal immigration and the population unauthorized alien in the United States were key issues in the ongoing debate on immigration reform. However, the benefits of this bill outweighed its disadvantages. Immigration policies in the United States concerning undocumented workers are strict and direct. EmployersRead MoreThe Liberal Side Of The Immigration Debate1013 Words   |  5 PagesThe liberal side of the immigration debate supports legal immigration, increasing the number of legal immigrants permitted to enter the U.S. each year, and blanket amnesty for current illegal imm igrants. Liberals believe that regardless of how they came to the U.S., illegal immigrants deserve things like U.S. government financial aid for college tuition and visas for spouse/children to come to the U.S. They believe that families shouldn’t be separated and that many illegal immigrants do the jobsRead MoreThe Debate Over Illegal Immigration1651 Words   |  7 PagesThe debate over illegal immigration has been a constant and ongoing struggle in the United States. Millions of illegal immigrants are living among us in the country, we have more entering daily. Recently, President Barack Obama touched on the topic with his immigration executive order. Unfortunately, with the republican takeover of the white house, many of his actions are not being supported. This is viable evidence that there are people who want to help fix the immigration system in a way that willRead MoreIllegal Immigration Is A Hot Topic Debate864 Words   |  4 PagesIllegal immigration is a hot topic debate in today society as many people have their viewpoints on it. Immigration could be the second most talked about maybe first topic behind terrorism. Illegal immigration has been going on since foreigners were allowed in the US in the early 20th century. Even backed then, there were mixed emotions as many Americans did not favor foreigners and there were many attempts to restrict what they were allowed to do. Immigrants come across the border every day. AccordingRead More The Immigration and Job Loss Debate Essays1170 Words   |  5 PagesThe Immigration and Job Loss Debate A debate that always seems to raise its ugly head when the issue of foreign labor is discussed concerns the types of jobs that immigrants take and whether they are actually taking these jobs away from American workers. I look at it as jobs they are left with, not ones they are taking. The debate always shows an American family that has been displaced or lost their livelihood because they can no longer compete with cheaper labor. In reality the jobs thatRead More Rhetoric in the American Immigration Debate Essay1659 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to Aristotle, a speaker could frame any debate using three approaches: an appeal to logic, an appeal from credibility, or an appeal to emotions. All speakers and writers use the tripartite approach to rhetoric in varying degrees and ultimately the audience judges their effectiveness in the context presented. In America, few topics are as hotly debated as that of undocumented migration, and it can be difficult to pick through the partisan and often vitriolic rhetoric in order to come toRead MoreThe Issue Of Immigration Is Become A Major Debate For Everyone1825 Words   |  8 PagesThe issue of immigration has become a major debate for everyone. Although people argue over the negative impacts of immigrants living in America such as overcrowding, less jobs due to immigrants taking them, drug trafficking, and threatening of American culture, immigrants still have a huge impact in the American society. The United States is by far the largest destination for immigrants, annually receiving over a million legal immigrants and about seven hundred thousand illegal immigrants. ManyRead MoreThe Congress Debates Over Immigration Reform855 Words   |  4 Pagescrawling right back up to my shoulders. As if I was at the top of the mountain and then had someone push back down. Finding out that the Senate has plans to take down the DACA was as if they were closing the doors to my success. As the Congress debates over immigration refor m, August the 15th marks the second anniversary of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program. On the 15th of August 2012, President Obama began a policy calling for deferred action towards certain young individuals whoRead MoreCons for Debate for Arizona Immigration Laws Essay1185 Words   |  5 PagesDebate Speech: 4 Minute: Cons By adopting the same anti-immigration laws as Arizona, Florida would be violating the very values of the constitution. My first point is the violation of civil rights. In order to clarify today’s debate, we offer the following definition: Civil rights are a class of rights and freedoms that protect individuals from unwarranted action by government and private organizations and individuals and ensure one’s ability to participate in the civil and political

Accounting Information Systems Emerging Business Techniques

Question: Describe about the Accounting Information Systems for Emerging Business Techniques. Answer: 1: Business Intelligence This report outline meaning and definition of business intelligence and the way it helps firm to create competitive advantage and to make decisions. Business Intelligence (BI) BI is an emerging technique, which becomes widely popular among business due to its role in managing information. According to Isike et al., (2011), BI can be defined as a system comprised of both technical and organizational elements that presents historical information to its users for analysis and enables effective decision making and management support, for the overall purpose of increasing organizational performance. In this way, BI includes conversion of raw data into meaningful knowledge to facilitate decision making at the operational and strategic level of firm and to create financial benefits. Currently, firms are used verity of sources to collect data, which develops big data. An insightful analysis of collected data is critical. For collecting and organizing data, firms uses BI as it provides required tool and techniques of data mining and analytics. The implementation and management of BI becomes one of the key priorities of the reputed global firms. In 1990s, the term BI became highly popular in the business world and IT sector. In BI, business analytics was started to consider highly important in 2000s (Chen et al., 2012). Recently, big data is used to describe the technological application of analyzing large and complex data. These applications are enough advanced and capable to store, analyze and visualize the complex set of data quickly and easily (McAfee et al., 2012). In the study of Shollo Kautz (2010), BI is defined as composition of processes, technologies and products as in this data collection and analysis processes are conducted through the implementation of range of technologies for producing knowledge or information (product) to facilitate decision making in businesses. This indicates that BI is a composition of these three elements. In BI, technology play critical role as it provides businesses a means to organize and analyze data quickly. But, human capabilities to interpret and use the provided knowledge are an important factor that can make difference in the use of BI for gaining financial benefits. A firms failure to create relevancy of knowledge with strategies and operations is likely to create only cost burden (Vera-Baquero et al., 2013). Thus, the concept of BI becomes important for the contemporary business organization. Business Intelligence (BI) for Competitive Advantage BI is quite important tool for the contemporary organizations to create competency due to the increasing importance of knowledge in decision-making. BI enhances ability of firm to visualize the past and current data of different management fields such as production, sales, customer and others. This could be used by the firms to make fact-based decisions, which may help to create competitive advantage. For example: return on investment data may help a firm to determine underperforming products. Through this, firm can take informed decision, which may help to reduce cost and to improve profitability (Shehzad et al., 2013). With this, firm can make efficient use of resources, which leads to the creation of competitive advantage. Similarly, innovativeness is the other important way of creating competitive advantage in contemporary organization. Through BI, firm can invent unique products or methods to satisfy the customers. It allows firms to analyze own strengths and weaknesses of the company to compare with the competitors. This understanding may help a firm to improve their processes that leads to the cost reduction and quality improvement (Stone and Woodcock, 2014). At the same time, innovations in offering can be introduced by an organization by analyzing trends, market conditions and customers preferences quickly. BI provides insights of market and consumers to a firm, which a firm can use to make informed improvement in the offerings and to improve customer satisfaction (Loshin, 2012). With this way, firm can remain innovative and consequently competitive in the market. Burberry, UK based luxury global firm has used BI successfully to become highly innovative and digitalized brand. Along with this, cost advantage is also a major source of competitiveness as it has positive influence on the bottom line of a firm. BI provides real-time data to the organization regarding operational and strategic performance, which can be used by organization to eliminate sources of waste and to include quality aspects. For example: in healthcare firm, standardized data can be accessed by clinicians in secure manner that may improve accuracy and speed of providing treatment to the patient (Cokins et al., 2010). It may help to reduce operational cost and to improve service quality. Similarly, BI can be used in healthcare to mange staffing problem without increasing cost and sacrificing quality. For example: In Unites States, healthcare firm have invested millions of dollars in the implementation of IT tools and techniques. ThedaCare, a healthcare organization has number of clinics and hospitals in US uses business analytics applications. Through this, managers get up-to-date information about the staff. It has allowed this organization to save around $850,000, which caused reduction in operational cost (Toussaint and Mannon, 2014). Impact of Data Mining and Analytics on Decision making Data mining and analytics are the important elements of BI. Retail industry becomes highly competitive and firms use loyalty cards to attract and attain customers. Wal-Mart, a US based retail firm can use data mining and analytics for making effective use of loyalty card to attract and retain customers. Through loyalty card, firm obtains big customers data that can be used to improve offerings. Data mining can be used by this firm to know customers taste and preferences in accordance to their age and other demogrpoahics factors. In data mining and analytics, customers information are accessed and presented in a visualize manner (Osei-Bryson and Barclay, 2015). Through this, Wal-Mart can determine purchasing behavior of certain customer group and to make better and faster decision regarding schemes and discounts. Similarly, data mining and analytics can be useful for retailers to determine expected behaviors of customers for offerings and to tailor the offerings as per their needs. With this, relationship in customer data can be quantified to classify customers into different groups. It will help Wal-Mart to determine relation of customers with the offerings. This knowledge can be used by this firm to take more accurate decisions regarding the improvement in offerings (Raju et al., 2011). It may help firm to provide useful discounts and incentives to the customers and to increase value of loyalty card. By using data mining and analytics, Wal-Mart and other retailers can segment their customers to determine the major source of revenue. This would be effective in recognizing the needs of most profitable customers segment and to make informed improvements in the loyalty card programs. It could allow Wal-Mart to provide right offer and discounts to the right customer base of the company (Verhoef et al., 2016). This may help to make innovative changes in the loyalty card and to encourage repeat purchase. Along with this, personalization of offerings encourages customers to make repeat purchases, which can be achieved by data mining and analytics. Wal-Mart can identify communication needs of target market and to draft advertising and promotions accordingly. It would help this firm to encourage repeat purchase and to promote loyalty card (Watson, 2010). In this way, data mining and techniques can allow firms to make quick and more accurate decisions for improving value of loyalty card. 2: Queensland Health Systems Implementation Introduction In this report, factors for information system implementation failure are discussed to inform the management about the potential risk. Queensland Health payroll system implementation failure is one of the major IT collapse and due to this; this case is analyzed to identify factors that may cause system implementation failure, while using Systems Development Lifecycle approach. At last some recommendations are also provided to ensure better management of identified system implementation deficiencies and project success. Factors for System Implementation Failure System implementation failure becomes an important concern for firm as it has considerable impact on the profitability and sustainability. System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is an approach to plan, develop, test and deploy an information system within an organization. It provides systematic guidelines to develop and implement a system within organization successfully. The process of implementing information system can be categorized mainly in five phases such as planning, analysis, designing, testing, implementing and supporting (Marchewka, 2014). For using this approach successfully, it is critical for a firm to understand its each phase effectively. Below figures depicts the steps in SLDC: On the basis of above figure, planning is the first and highly important step of SDLC as it has capability to influence the other steps of system implementation and their success in considerable manner. Lack of proper planning may cause failure in implementing and upgrading information system through SDLC approach (Rainer and Cegielski, 2011). Below are some factors those have contributed in causing planning and implementation failure of payroll system implementation project at Queensland Health (QH): Lack of Clearly Defined Scope and Complexity: An effective use of SDLC approach requires clear explanation of scope and complexity of a project to ensure proper planning. It is critical to inform the objectives and deliverable of a project on which basis resources are allocated to the different departments and units. For the development of highly relevant scope and objectives, it is quite critical for firm to clearly identify the requirements of a business in terms of the implementation of a system (Eden and Sedera, 2014). Without acknowledgment of business requirements, it is difficult to bring accuracy and relevancy in objectives and scope that causes poor planning. Similarly, improper identification and explanation of complexity fails a firm to determine the potential risks in a project and to make proper planning to handle them. In system implementation, some risks such as finance, human resource, technical and others can occur. Lack of planning can affect organization ability to manage risk and to ensure successful implementation of system (Ara and Al-Mudimigh, 2015). For example: IBM underestimated the importance of scope and complexity determination in the planning phase at QH that caused uncertain changes project implementation. It was responsible for cost overrun and project delay (Eden and Sedera, 2014). Ambiguous Roles and Responsibilities: Planning phase of SDLC also includes delegation of roles and responsibilities for ensuring accomplishment of task within the time limit and defined quality. The absence of clearly defined roles and responsibilities of involved parties was one of the major factors that caused poor planning and system implementation failure in QH (Melton, 2011). For the implementation phase, roles and responsibilities of stakeholder were explained briefly, which causes relationship issues. In QH, unclear delegation of responsibilities caused communication issues, which contributed in the mismanagement of resources. It ultimately caused cost overrun and delay of project (Eden and Sedera, 2014). Due to this, stakeholders were not clear about what and how to report performance that created accountability issues in the process of system implementation. Absence of accountability discourages stakeholders to perform their duties delicately, which causes failure in successful system implementation in an organization. In a project, it is critical for stakeholders to have acknowledgement regarding their tasks and duties in throughput the implementation (Luckey and Phillips, 2011). Through this, firm can ensure timely and cost effective execution of project. Communication: It is a key element of project success as lack of communication in planning phase is likely to cause uncertainty in the other phases of SLDC. The planning phase of payroll system implementation project at QH was quite poor as QH, CropTech and IBM were different understanding about the objectives and scope. It was responsible for creating poor relationship between the client (QH) and consultant (IBM). QH appointed CropTech to handle the process of project implementation in QH and to communicate the consultant (Eden and Sedera, 2014). In this case, IBM needed to communicate both QH and IBM effectively, which caused miscommunication of goals, objectives and scope of a project. The presence of two client organizations was mainly responsible to create miscommunication and consequently complexity. IBM planned to implement another product in QH that also contributed in increasing complexity. The complex relationship among the involved parties caused communication issues, which is one of the major cause of IS implementation. Effective communication among the involved party is critical to utilize the available resources optimally and to ensure project success. It ensures flow of right information to the right people at the right place that reduces complexity and improves relationship (Larson and Gray, 2011). It is because lack of communication caused Information system (IS) failure in QH. Incompetent Governance: The other important factor for IS implementation failure in QH was lack of competent governance as it raised several issues such as biasness in tendering process, improper planning, conflicts, unaccountability and others, which ultimately caused failure. Competent governance is critical for project success as it ensures application of project management strategies at the different phases of project and better management of resources (Eden and Sedera, 2014). In QH, application of Gantt chart, work breakdown structure, stakeholder analysis and other project planning and management tools were avoided that raises issue of improper planning and clearly defined deliverables with timelines (Stair Reynolds, 2013). It caused poor control over the resources throughout the implementation that resulted cost and time overruns. Similarly, governance plays significant role in controlling the use of power of involved stakeholder throughout the process of system implementation. Due to ineffective governance at QH, biasness occurred in the tendering process that hindered the selection of right prime conductors for the project implementation. CorpTech was responsible for providing same information to the all applicants and remaining neutral. But, the project director took side of IBM that caused biasness (Romney et al., 2012). The sense of accountability was also not present among the involved people that contributed in delaying the system implementation and creating huge additional cost for QH. Political and legal System: Planning phase of SLDC includes analysis of risk that can affect system implementation project and to make strategies. Political and legal risks were completely ignored in planning of system implementation at QH, which caused delay and cost overrun issues. QH is a government undertaking that comprises several layers of bureaucracy that reduced transparency in system implementation process and affected decision-making and accountability. Due to this, delay in execution of project activities became more apparent that increased project cost. (Eden and Sedera, 2014) The complexity of legal system caused complexity, which affected quality of management in this project. The above are five major system development issues, which caused implementation failure in QH. The planning phase of this project was quite weak in terms of analyzing business requirements and complexity. It failed stakeholders to determine potential risk and to ensure better management. Recommendation Below are some recommendations to manage factors for IS implementation failure in an organization and to create benefits: Adequate definition of requirements: A firm should clearly define the requirements of business to prevent the occurrence of several issues in the system implementation. Organizations failure in documenting requirements properly may create difficulties for consultant to make robust plan for system implementation. Undefined business requirements have negative impact on the different phases of system development. By analyzing and documenting the business requirements properly, firm can limit the occurrence several functional and technical issues in the process of implementing IS system (Aikins, 2012). It could ensure flawless execution of defined project activities and to limit the issues of overrun of time and cost. Rigorous implementation of project management methodologies and strategies: It is one of the important ways to ensure informed and timely utilization of available resources. Several project management tools such as Work Breakdown, critical path analysis, gap analysis, action plan, Gantt chart, PERT chart and others could be used by a firm to plan resource allocation and to manage schedule more systematically (Kerzner, 2010). These tools visualize each stakeholder about the process of project implementation, which would be effective to win stakeholder support and to handle the changes effectively. In absence of project management strategy, it would be difficult to implement a project in an organized manner that may increase complexity and delay (Newton, 2013). Project delay ultimately leads to the poor resource utilization that causes cost overrun issue. Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Audit: An effective communication leads better management and consequently project success. Several communication technologies are used by a projects stakeholders. The audit of ICT infrastructure and system would be useful for a firm to limit the communication breakdown throughout the process of project management from planning to implementation and closure. It will include assessment of communication tools and processors as well as competency of managerial personals (Beynon-Davies, 2013). Additionally, ICT audit could be an effective mean to ensure application of project methodology and reporting framework. This could be useful to encourage client and consultant organizations to fulfill their responsibilities towards each other and different stakeholders. It would improve communication among stakeholders, which may reduce conflicts and to improve project implementation phase (Eden and Sedera, 2014). Competent Governance: The establishment of competent governance is critical for implementing IS system successfully in an organization. Firm should focus on establishing a govenmence framework to ensure inclusion of competent personnel and to provide them power for conducting investigation and reporting results to the higher authorities. Due to lack of robust governance, the occurrence of biasness and unaccountability issues becomes more apparent, which causes delay and cost overrun (Kooper et al., 2011). By implementing a govenmence framework, a firm can clearly explain roles and responsibilities and to make them more accountable for their performance. It would be effective to encourage them to take responsibilities and to accomplish and report them properly (Schwalbe, 2010). This could be useful to implement the activities within stated budgeted and timeline. Conclusion It can be concluded from the above discussion that an investigation over the previous IS implementation can provide management an ample information and guidelines for limiting the failure. QH case provides an analysis of system implementation failure, which can be used to avoid possible risks and to ensure completion of project within the budgeted time and cost. References Aikins, S. K. (Ed.). (2012).Managing E-Government Projects: Concepts, Issues, and Best Practices: Concepts, Issues, and Best Practices. UK: IGI Global. Beynon-Davies, P. (2013).Business information systems. Palgrave Macmillan. Chen, H., Chiang, R. H., Storey, V. C. (2012). Business Intelligence and Analytics: From Big Data to Big Impact.MIS quarterly,36(4), 1165-1188. Cokins, G., Schubert, K. D., Hugos, M. H., Betancourt, R., Farrell, A., Flemming, B., Hujsak, J. (2010).CIO best practices: Enabling strategic value with information technology(Vol. 34). USA: John Wiley Sons. Eden, R., Sedera, D. (2014). The largest admitted IT project failure in the Southern Hemisphere: A teaching case. InProceedings of the 35th International Conference on Information Systems: Building a Better World Through Information Systems. AISeL. Isik, O., Jones, M.C. and Sidorova, A., 2011. Business intelligence (BI) success and the role of BI capabilities.Intelligent systems in accounting, finance and management,18(4), pp.161-176. Kerzner, H.R. (2010). Project Management - Best Practices: Achieving Global Excellence. 2nd edn. USA: John Wiley Sons. Kooper, M. N., Maes, R., Lindgreen, E. R. (2011). On the governance of information: Introducing a new concept of governance to support the management of information.International Journal of Information Management,31(3), 195-200. Larson, E. W. and Gray, C. F. (2011). Project Management: The Managerial Process. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. Loshin, D. (2012).Business intelligence: the savvy manager's guide. Newnes. Luckey, T. and Phillips, J. (2011). Software Project Management For Dummies. USA: John Wiley Sons. Marchewka, J. T. (2014).Information technology project management. USA: John Wiley Sons. McAfee, A., Brynjolfsson, E., Davenport, T. H., Patil, D. J., Barton, D. (2012). Big data.The management revolution. Harvard Bus Rev,90(10), 61-67. Melton, T. (2011). Project Management Toolkit: The Basics for Project Success: Expert Skills for Success in Engineering, Technical, Process Industry and Corporate Projects. 2nd edn. USA: Butterworth-Heinemann. Newton, R. (2013). The Project Management Book ePub eBook. Pearson UK. Osei-Bryson, K. M., Barclay, C. (Eds.). (2015).Knowledge Discovery Process and Methods to Enhance Organizational Performance. Australia: CRC Press. Rainer, R. K., Cegielski, C. G. (2011). Introduction to information system: Enabling and transforming business. New York: John Wiley Sones. Raju, J. J., Zhang, Z. J., Sorensen, H., DeHerder, R., Blatt, D. (2011).Strategies for Success in Retail (Collection). USA: Pearson Education. Romney, M., Steinbart, P., Mula, J., McNamara, R., Tonkin, T. (2012).Accounting Information Systems Australasian Edition. Australia: Pearson Higher Education AU. Schwalbe, K. (2010). Information Technology Project Management. 6th edn. USA: Cengage Learning. Shehzad, R., Khan, M. N., Naeem, M. (2013). Integrating knowledge management with business intelligence processes for enhanced organizational learning.International Journal of Software Engineering and Its Applications,7(2), 83-91. Shollo, A., Kautz, K. (2010, December). Towards an understanding of business intelligence. InAustralasian Conference on Information Systems. Stair, R., Reynolds, G. (2013).Principles of information systems. USA: Cengage Learning. Stone, M. D., Woodcock, N. D. (2014). Interactive, direct and digital marketing: A future that depends on better use of business intelligence.Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing,8(1), 4-17. Toussaint, J.S. and Mannon, M. (2014) Hospitals Are Finally Starting to Put Real-Time Data to Use. [Online]. Available at: https://hbr.org/2014/11/hospitals-are-finally-starting-to-put-real-time-data-to-use [Accessed: 2nd September, 2016]. Vera-Baquero, A., Colomo-Palacios, R., Molloy, O. (2013). Business process analytics using a big data approach.IT Professional,15(6), 29-35. Verhoef, P. C., Kooge, E., Walk, N. (2016).Creating Value with Big Data Analytics: Making Smarter Marketing Decisions. UK: Routledge. Watson, R. (2010).Future files: a brief history of the next 50 years. USA: Nicholas Brealey Publishing.